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#1 GlennYorkPA

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Posted 19 June 2012 - 05:22 PM

In a recent thread, http://www.maestrone...howtopic=326273), Brad Dorsey shed important light on the 19thC coffin cases made in America. The attribution of these cases to a George S. Bond, Charlestown, New Hampshire in the late 19thC is a valuable addition to our knowledge of the history of violin case making in the Americas but they are copies of a contemporary European tradition.

As I mentioned in that thread, I have begun to document an earlier tradition that has received very little attention in the historical record.
This relates to violin cases made in New England before the civil war and typically dating to the period 1810 - 1840.

These cases are generally coffin shaped and made of poplar, pine or the acrid smelling basswood.
Production seems to have been concentrated around Rhode Island, Connecticut, Maine but stretching as far south as New York state and Pennsylvania.
The feature that binds them is the applications of a surface coating of paint often enhanced by ingenious effects using feathers, fingers and stencils often simulating exotically figured hardwoods.

This surface treatment is familiar to east coast antique dealers since it is often found on furniture of the period and thus allows fairly accurate dating and locating.

I attach some pictures of some examples from the Brunkus collection in the hope that more examples will be recognised and awarded their place in history. Please feel free to let me know of any other examples.

Thanks
Glenn

Attached Thumbnails

  • Case1.jpg
  • Case2.jpg
  • Case3.jpg
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#2 Richf

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Posted 20 June 2012 - 08:01 AM

Very cool, Glenn. What do the insides of these cases look like? Who is Brunkus?

Richard

#3 Brad Dorsey

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Posted 20 June 2012 - 08:12 AM

I see cases like these occasionally in antique shops. I am interested to hear that they can be dated and their origins located by the style of decoration, because I had always assumed that they were too individualistic for that.
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#4 Addie

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Posted 20 June 2012 - 02:00 PM

I have one of these, self-dated 1856. It has the same shape and hardware as the first image, but the top is an inverted ‘V’ shape. It is 3/4 or 7/8. The inside was wallpapered (typical for early boxes) and has a single partition with a cutout for the neck. It is in very rough shape.

#5 GlennYorkPA

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Posted 20 June 2012 - 02:10 PM

Very cool, Glenn. What do the insides of these cases look like? Who is Brunkus?

Richard



Hello Richard,
The inside of these cases is usually disappointingly plain but I think they were usually lined. There are often indications of a long gone lining but here are a couple of examples that retain a lining.

Richard Brunkus is an antiques restorer in New Jersey who has made a study of these cases. He sees many of the finishes on period furniture of the time which is how he can draw parallels with the cases.

I think we can be sure that no-one was making a living manufacturing violin cases at this time so the local carpenter or furniture making workshop would be the place to go if such a case was needed.

Glenn

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#6 GlennYorkPA

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Posted 21 June 2012 - 10:31 AM

I see cases like these occasionally in antique shops. I am interested to hear that they can be dated and their origins located by the style of decoration, because I had always assumed that they were too individualistic for that.



Brad, you are exactly in the right part of the world to find these. Here, in Pennsylvania, I have found one in 10 years and it was described as a 'tool box'.
It has vinegar painting done with the fingers - I'll post pictures later.

If you have the opportunity to take open and closed pictures of any that might cross your path, I would really, really appreciate it. Only by seeing many examples can we begin to place them accurately in their historical setting.

Thanks
Glenn

#7 Richf

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Posted 21 June 2012 - 10:46 AM

Glenn, Brad -- any idea what kind of violins might have been housed in these early cases originally -- domestic or import? Even though the number of cases that is turning up is small, my guess is that the number of American-made violins in the early 1800s was smaller yet.

Richard

#8 Brad Dorsey

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Posted 21 June 2012 - 11:45 AM

...Even though the number of cases that is turning up is small, my guess is that the number of American-made violins in the early 1800s was smaller yet...


David Bromberg says that early American luthiers mostly made cellos, bass viols ("church basses") and double basses. The reason was that violins, being small, were easy to ship across the ocean, so there was not much need to make them here. The larger instruments were a lot harder and more expensive to ship, so it made more sense to make them here.
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#9 Addie

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Posted 21 June 2012 - 04:35 PM

Pretty rough, but here it is:

Attached Thumbnails

  • Case-1.jpg
  • Case-2.jpg
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  • Case-4.jpg


#10 GlennYorkPA

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Posted 21 June 2012 - 05:13 PM

Pretty rough, but here it is:



Addie,

I was going to ask you for pics but you beat me to it.

Rough though it is, what you have here is very interesting in several respects.

Some of my questions could possibly be answered with better quality photos, Any chance of higher resolution?

Questions:
1. Where is the date indication you mentioned earlier?
2. I'm interested in the construction of the ends. Do they consist of three blocks fitted together and rounded on the inside? (Usually, they are rounded on the outside and left angular inside).
3. I see there are remains of paper. Was this wallpaper or newspaper? Can you see any evidence of print?
4. In your opinion, why were those scoops made on the inside? To accept a larger body cavity? They would have to go all the way down to accommodate a violin wider in the upper bout.
5. Is there any evidence that the color was originally something other than black?
6. Is the case long enough to contain a bow? I don't see and supports for a bow.

Thanks
Glenn

#11 Addie

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Posted 21 June 2012 - 05:53 PM

The inside was repapered at some point, and the bow holders replaced with a wool loop and a sheet aluminum clip. The square of wood under the clip may be original.

The date was penciled on the replacement paper: “case 1856." I have the scrap with the date, and the handle (top mount, identical to the first case shown above) someplace in my shop. The hardware is brass with iron/steel screws, as you would expect. The top definitely has square nails, but the neck support-divider has been moved, I think, and has wire nails.

Ends are 1 piece, faceted on the outside, rounded on the inside. The top is bent to a slight curve, not pieced as I said in my first post.

The scoops (you can see it is pine/other softwood) don’t go all the way down, but are deeper than a violin’s sides (>30 mm).

The original color was black. The finish may have been in 2 coats, the 2nd with more gloss, which has aligatored.

In addition to the side cutouts, there is an end-button cutout, and 2 notches to accommodate a bow.

The case will not fit a 4/4.

#12 jezzupe

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Posted 22 June 2012 - 02:54 AM

For terminology sake, that finish technique is referred to as "faux bois" it is the art of "grain faking" using paints,glazes and other pigments with various methods of application using several different tools or devices, I am somewhat known for this related to doing fire restoration, where irreplaceable casing, doors, stair rails, stuff like that, has been subject to damage by fire or other means. Various fillers are used to "replace the wood, the faux bois is done, it is all "locked" in with clear coats. If all goes well it looks like nothing ever happened. It is a simmiliar thing that may be incorporated in fine finish repair work on violins. Violins however, the work is much more "microscopic" and much more refined

#13 GlennYorkPA

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Posted 22 June 2012 - 10:29 AM

The inside was repapered at some point, and the bow holders replaced with a wool loop and a sheet aluminum clip. The square of wood under the clip may be original.

The date was penciled on the replacement paper: “case 1856." I have the scrap with the date, and the handle (top mount, identical to the first case shown above) someplace in my shop. The hardware is brass with iron/steel screws, as you would expect. The top definitely has square nails, but the neck support-divider has been moved, I think, and has wire nails.

Ends are 1 piece, faceted on the outside, rounded on the inside. The top is bent to a slight curve, not pieced as I said in my first post.

The scoops (you can see it is pine/other softwood) don’t go all the way down, but are deeper than a violin’s sides (>30 mm).

The original color was black. The finish may have been in 2 coats, the 2nd with more gloss, which has aligatored.

In addition to the side cutouts, there is an end-button cutout, and 2 notches to accommodate a bow.

The case will not fit a 4/4.



Addie,
Thanks for these details. I would like to study your case in more detail. It could be that it dates to 1856 but it could also be earlier.
There are some unusual features about the construction notably the facetted end which is copying another type of case where that end is constructed of separate blocks.
I'm also very interested in the notches cut in the lid for the bow. I have never seen that before. It seems that the maker had a vague memory of something he had seen from Europe but hadn't got the details quite right. If the original photos are too large to post here, perhaps you could send them to glennpwood@yahoo.com for further study. I know the case looks a wreck now but it's an historical artifact that hasn't yet yielded up all its secrets.

Thanks
Glenn

#14 GlennYorkPA

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Posted 22 June 2012 - 10:56 AM

For terminology sake, that finish technique is referred to as "faux bois" it is the art of "grain faking" using paints,glazes and other pigments with various methods of application using several different tools or devices, I am somewhat known for this related to doing fire restoration, where irreplaceable casing, doors, stair rails, stuff like that, has been subject to damage by fire or other means. Various fillers are used to "replace the wood, the faux bois is done, it is all "locked" in with clear coats. If all goes well it looks like nothing ever happened. It is a simmiliar thing that may be incorporated in fine finish repair work on violins. Violins however, the work is much more "microscopic" and much more refined



Jezzupe

Thanks for the clarification about faux bois. As you say, this involves the use of paints and pigments along with brushes and feathers to produce the effect of expensive, figured wood.

Here is another case which uses the technique of vinegar graining also typical of New England.

Milk paint is thicker, takes 2 days to dry and is very weather resistant. Monochrome sometimes colored with plant dyes and ochre (barns).

On the other hand, vinegar is applied in two layers. First a white layer then a second layer containing lac which is scrawled when wet - in this case with fingers. The end effect is just decorative and doesn't simulate anything.

This case is made of New England pine. Very light weight, fast growing and almost grainless easily confused with poplar. White pine, Pinus Strobus.

White pine trees are valued for their light and evenly-grained timber that can be worked on without much trouble and are not tough. White pine provides timber that is soft to moderate in compactness. The color of white pine timber ranges from creamy white to light yellow at times having distinct orange colored growth rings. This variety of timber does not expand or contract owing to the change in its moisture content and is extremely enduring. That this wood is durable is evident from the fact that houses built with  white pine in New England over two centuries ago, still exist. Owing to such advantageous features, white pine wood is extensively used in complex paneling with pine wood, millwork, making siding and planks for boxes, coffins, crates, wooden utensils, boats as well as novelty items.

The remarkable resiliance of the timber is apparent in this case which is free from cracks or splits even after nearly 200 years.

Back in the day, when ships used sails, the tall white pines providing superior quality timber were commonly known as mast pines. They were sought out by the agents of the British royalty during the colonial periods and harvested for use by the British Royal Navy.

Glenn

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#15 bmccarthy

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Posted 22 June 2012 - 05:43 PM

I love it !! It took a sec to figure out what the two strange marks were on the lid. . . the missing handle of course. There's no sign of padding or upholstery markings of any sort , apart form some small nail holes at one end, so I presume the instrument was separately wrapped in some protective material??
Edit. . . I see that one of the other cases above has it's interior papered and another has glued on felt so this probably had something similar?

Here is another case which uses the technique of vinegar graining also typical of New England.




#16 GlennYorkPA

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Posted 23 June 2012 - 10:44 PM

I love it !! It took a sec to figure out what the two strange marks were on the lid. . . the missing handle of course. There's no sign of padding or upholstery markings of any sort , apart form some small nail holes at one end, so I presume the instrument was separately wrapped in some protective material??
Edit. . . I see that one of the other cases above has it's interior papered and another has glued on felt so this probably had something similar?


Infact, there are small nails round the rim of the left compartment suggesting that this side had a lining at one time. Slight stain marks indicate that the lining was green. These so called half linings were not uncommon. Even the guitar case shown in the other thread is only half lined.

Glenn

#17 GlennYorkPA

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Posted 26 June 2012 - 11:52 AM

Glenn, Brad -- any idea what kind of violins might have been housed in these early cases originally -- domestic or import? Even though the number of cases that is turning up is small, my guess is that the number of American-made violins in the early 1800s was smaller yet.

Richard



Hello Richard,

Sorry it has taken so long to answer your question but I needed to take some pictures.
American violin making in the first half of the 19thC is often dismissed as restricted to poor quality fiddles but some quite fine instruments were produced in this period, mostly, if not all, in New England.

I attach a picture of a perfectly competent violin by Samuel Brooks of Ashburnham, MA.
He has written inside that it is number 181 (!!) and was completed on 10 April 1847.

There are so many fascinating features of this instrument that I might open a separate thread but this instrument shows that there were good makers in New England at this time and presumably cases were required for their violins. I think we can now make an argument linking cases and instruments.

David Bromberg has a fine collection of American violins but the expert on early American instruments is Ron Midgett of Easthampton Massachusetts. I don't know if he is still active in this area.

Glenn

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#18 Brad Dorsey

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Posted 26 June 2012 - 12:35 PM

...the expert on early American instruments is Ron Midgett of Easthampton Massachusetts. I don't know if he is still active in this area...


Ron in no longer in the violin business.
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#19 DGerald StephenR

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Posted 26 June 2012 - 02:23 PM

Glenn, Brad -- any idea what kind of violins might have been housed in these early cases originally -- domestic or import? Even though the number of cases that is turning up is small, my guess is that the number of American-made violins in the early 1800s was smaller yet.

Richard

The White brothers (Ira and Asa) of Boston, MA were two of the most prolific American makers of the time and crafted some fine examples of violins. Ira J. White, the elder brother, is reported to be the first American luthier to work on a Stradivari. I happen to have 2 White brothers instruments (one by Ira and a second workshop instrument) in shop for restorations that are good examples; one from 1837 and the other c. 1880.
The American Collection at JSI in Newton is an interesting collection of instruments from this time period in American lutherie history.
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#20 Brad Dorsey

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Posted 26 June 2012 - 04:08 PM

...The American Collection at JSI in Newton is an interesting collection of instruments from this time period in American lutherie history.


Most of the violins in Johnson's American collection are or were Ron's.
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